1) Tidal force
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https://www.crosswordclues.com/clue/roche-limit
is the distance from an astronomical object where the tidal force matches an orbiting body's gravitational self-attraction. Inside this limit, the tidal forces will cause the orbiting body to disintegrate, usually to disperse and form a ring. Outside this limit, loose material will tend to coalesce.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
The synchronous rotation implies that the liquid does not move and the problem can be regarded as a static one. Therefore, the viscosity and friction of the liquid in this model do not play a role, since these quantities would play a role only for a moving fluid. Given these assumptions, the following forces should be taken into account: and, surp...
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_limit
in astronomy, the minimum distance to which a large satellite can approach its primary body without being torn apart by tidal forces. If satellite ... [3 related articles]
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/a-z/r/58
The smallest distance that a fluid satellite can orbit from the center of a planet without being torn apart by tidal forces. For a satellite of negligible mass, zero tensile strength, and the same mean density as its primary, in a circular orbit around its primary, this critical distance is 2.44 tim...
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http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/Rochelimit.html
The smallest distance from a planet or other body at which purely gravitational forces can hold together a satellite or secondary body of the same mean density as the primary; at less than this distance the tidal forces of the primary would break up the secondary.
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http://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/20040
The distance from the centre of a planet that another body would have to be within to be broken up by the gravitational pull of the planet. This would only be true for an object that is not gravitationally cohesive.
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http://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/20448
The smallest distance from a planet or other body at which purely gravitational forces can hold together a satellite or secondary body of the same mean density as the primary. At a lesser distance the tidal forces of the primary would break up the secondary.
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http://www.seasky.org/astronomy/astronomy-glossary.html
The Roche Limit was first described by Edouard Roche in 1848. It is the closest distance a body can come to a planet without being pulled apart by the planet's tidal (gravity) force. As a result, large moons cannot survive inside the Roche Limit. On July 7, 1992, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart into 21 pieces due to tidal forces when it passed w...
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http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm
The position around a massive body where the tidal forces due to the gravity of the primary equal or exceed the surface gravity of a given satellite. Inside the Roche limit, such a satellite will be disrupted by tides. See also: Decaying Orbit.
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https://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/20687
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